Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Structure matters: commensal Phocaeicola vulgatus lipopolysaccharide induces attenuated microglial activation and preserves neuronal integrity

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2026.1796397

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential effects of E. coli and P. vulgatus LPS on BV2 microglial cells. (A) BV2 cell viability after stimulation with increasing concentrations of E. coli or P. vulgatus LPS (0.1–100 ng/mL) using the MTT assay. Unstimulated cells (NS) served as negative control. (B) Immunofluorescence analysis of microglial marker Iba-1 (red) to evaluate cell morphology and number following exposure to 100 ng/mL of LPS (scale bar = 100 μm). (C) The relative number of Iba 1 + cells from the experiments in (B) , normalized to NS (set at 100%). (D) Iba-1 immunofluorescence intensity was calculated as the mean area of the positive signal per cell. (E) Nitrite quantification and (F) western blot analysis of iNOS expression. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. # p < 0.05; #### p < 0.0001 vs. NS; * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS.

Article Snippet: The murine BV2 microglial cell line (bladder carcinoma cell line-derived, viral oncogene-transformed; #305156) and the human microglial clone-3 cell line (HMC3; #300102) were purchased from Cytion Biosciences (Heidelberg, Germany).

Techniques: MTT Assay, Negative Control, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Western Blot, Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

Article Title: Structure matters: commensal Phocaeicola vulgatus lipopolysaccharide induces attenuated microglial activation and preserves neuronal integrity

doi: 10.3389/fncel.2026.1796397

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential modulation of cytokine release and intracellular signaling in BV2 microglia. BV2 cells were treated with increasing concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) of LPS derived from E. coli or P. vulgatus . Unstimulated cells (NS) served as negative controls. (A) Cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were quantified in the culture supernatants by using ELLA assay. (B) Activation of intracellular signaling pathways (STAT3, Nf-kb, ERK1/2) was assessed by western blotting. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed by ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001, #### p < 0.0001 vs. NS; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001 vs. LPS.

Article Snippet: The murine BV2 microglial cell line (bladder carcinoma cell line-derived, viral oncogene-transformed; #305156) and the human microglial clone-3 cell line (HMC3; #300102) were purchased from Cytion Biosciences (Heidelberg, Germany).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Activation Assay, Protein-Protein interactions, Western Blot, Comparison

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Propranolol alleviates cerebral infarction through the β2-AR-mediated ERK/NLRP3 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Propranolol reduced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β in BV2 cells subjected to OGD/R (A) Schematic of cell experiment steps. (B) Western blot analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β in BV2 cells at 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after OGD/R. (C and D) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001 versus the control group. (E) Western blot analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β in BV2 cells of different treatment groups. (F and G) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 versus the OGD/R group.

Article Snippet: The murine microglial cell line BV2 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Procell, Cat# CL-0493).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Propranolol alleviates cerebral infarction through the β2-AR-mediated ERK/NLRP3 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Blockade of β2-AR reduced the expression of NLRP3 in BV2 cells subjected to OGD/R (A) Western blot analysis of the effects of dobutamine and betaxolol on NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells. (B and C) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group. (D) Western blot analysis of salmeterol and ICI118,551 on NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells. (E and F) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 versus the OGD/R group.

Article Snippet: The murine microglial cell line BV2 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Procell, Cat# CL-0493).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Control

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Propranolol alleviates cerebral infarction through the β2-AR-mediated ERK/NLRP3 pathway

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115779

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of β2-AR induced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β via the ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway (A) Western blot analysis of the effects of H-89 and U0126 on NLRP3 and IL-1β expression in BV2 cells. (B and C) Quantitative analysis of NLRP3 and IL-1β expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗∗ p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 versus the OGD/R group. (D) Western blot analysis of p -ERK1/2 expression in BV2 cells. (E) Quantitative analysis of p -ERK1/2 expression ( n = 3 biological replicates per group, each with 3 technical replicates). Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ∗∗ p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 versus the control group; # p < 0.05 versus the OGD/R group.

Article Snippet: The murine microglial cell line BV2 was obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Procell, Cat# CL-0493).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Control